Essay about Drug Abuse and Crime - 2072 Words

Drug Abuse Crime When I was brainstorming about my term paper topic I came up with an interesting topic which is Drug Abuse Crime. I thought it was imperative to learn about how drug abuse affects the crime rates in America. I will be discussing other subjects such as how many criminals are actually under the influence of a drug when committing a crime including illicit and licit drugs. Additionally, I will be discussing what drugs the criminals were under the influence of and the statistics surrounding drug abuse and crime and what programs are available to help with the problem. I think I have selected a broad and informational topic that we must be concerned about. Although, the concern about drug abuse and crime rates is nothing†¦show more content†¦Therefore, I began researching this question and came across some valuable facts and information. I concurred from (Crime and Alcohol, 2011), that about 3 million violent crimes occur each year in which victims perceive the offender to have been drinking at the time of the offense. Among those victims who provided information about the offenders use of alcohol, about 35 percent of the victimizations involved an offender who had been drinking. According to, (The National Center for Victims of Crime, 2011) drug users are more likely than nonusers to commit crimes. Now that we know how alcohol contributes to crime in America it is only appropriate to discuss how cocaine, heroin, and crack contribute to the crime rates in America. As we all have learned from our studies in class when an individual is under the influence of drugs such as cocaine, heroin, and crack people often suffer from many symptoms such as pharmacological effects, cardiovascular effects, and central nervous system effects (cited in, Hanson 2009, p. 269-270). One statement about the link between cocaine and crime has really astounded me and contributes to my concerns about drug abuse and crime. The author of the article (Cocaine Abuse and Addiction, Crime, Freebasing, Crack Cocaine, 2011), has stated that the problem with cocaine and crime is so bad that he declares cocaine and street crime have become soul mates. People are under the influence of such drugs commitShow MoreRelatedOffenders From Drug Abuse And Crimes Essay2113 Words   |  9 Pagesdeter offenders from drug abu se and crimes in America. In the 1970’s and 1980’s there was a decline in rehabilitation programs, but later it gains its momentum by introducing more programs. The traditional courts offered alternative sentences for guilty pleas that are within the sentencing guidelines. Problems defendants had prior to committing criminal activities were never address while they were incarcerated. 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My reasoning and facts should persuade you to believe that crime drug are related. My essay will have quotes, facts, and reasoning, which will all revolve on my essential question. Drug related offenses and a drug-using lifestyle are major contributors to the U.S crime problem. Provisional data from 1991 showRead MorePrescription Drugs Are Not A Problem961 Words   |  4 Pagesyears there has been a growing concern for illegal drugs, alcohol, tobacco products, over-the-counter drugs, and prescription drugs. All of these legal and illegal drugs have caused issues throughout North Carolina as well as the country, but one of the growing concerns is prescription drug abuse. One of the counties in North Carolina that has been affected the most by this epidemic is Robeson County. According to National Institute on Drug Abuse, â€Å"prescription medications, such as those used to treatRead MoreDrugs and Crime1513 Words   |  7 PagesDrugs and Crime Drugs and crime are literally everywhere. Drug abuse and crime go hand-in-hand. Drugs cause crime. Legalizing drugs is not the answer. Punishments should fit the crime. Repeat offenders should have harsher punishments. The history of drugs shows increasing drug use, abuse, and crime rates that relate to drug use and abuse. The History of Drugs â€Å"Human beings have always had a desire to eat or drink substances that make them feel relaxed, stimulated, or euphoric.†Read More Drug Abuse in the United States Essay1044 Words   |  5 PagesDrug Abuse in the United States of America In the United States of America, we, the people value several things, some of which are freedom, expanding and taking care of our families and our financial security. We, the people, take such things for granted. We also discourage some behavior, such as crime, laziness and use of illegal drugs. Drug abuse is one of the most discouraged behaviors in our country. 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What Everybody Dislikes About A List of Social Issues in America and Why

What Everybody Dislikes About A List of Social Issues in America and Why Such conduct is growing increasingly common with the introduction of new technologies on the web. The issuers rely on viral advertising and marketing tactics and the promise of outsized returns to elevate huge amounts of money from a great number of small investors. As stated by the report, 56% of consumers feel that marketers spend an excessive amount of time seeking to push them to purchase and inadequate time thinking of methods to make consumers pay attention. There's no set of well-defined standards with respect to what ought to be disclosed and in what detail it has to be disclosed. A thorough exam with a review by a faculty panel. You might not be able to have into detail, understand, yet to provide the firm's fundamental position on any big situation doesn't' take lots of meetings. Please don't hesitate to reach out to any of our staff to become involved. One of the primary signals of autism is weak social communication abilities. From time to time, it takes the type of quiet respect, and a willingness to shrink. It's terribly important to get knowledge of or instinct about what they're thinking and the reason why they believe the way that they do. Speaking about your social anxiety to a close peer, or simply using communication to repair a nutritious relationship are methods by which you can relieve some stresses. Women and girls face unimaginable challenges in practically every area of the world. 50 million people residing in Latin America are deemed to be `indigenous'. Hardly any men have ever considered they may not be the main bread winner, and less that they may have to be the principal caregiver. Americans should take pride in the progress we've made and ought to demand our leaders keep up the fight. List of Social Issues in America Secrets That No One Else Knows About A doctor who recognizes the erroneous symptoms can't prescribe the appropriate medicine to treat the disease of a patient. If you've got this disorder, you will notice its symptoms affecting many regions of your life. Receiving an anxiety diagnosis from a clinician is the initial step in navigating a number of the first triggers of the disorder. Social stress is one mental illness that maynot be cured with something as simple as a substance. Just take a stand, is a loaded term, Lucido states, but nevertheless, it can be separated into three kinds. The maximum concentration was around the central portion of the state. Furthermore, cancer, one of the primary causes of death in the area, disproportionately impacts the poor, who have limited access to good doctors, lack the funds to cover treatments, and don't have the chance of taking time off to get over the illness. One contributing factor to the rise in suburban poverty is the shortage of quality affordable-housing options in urban locations. So new set of laws that are specifically proper for cryptocurrencies ought to be established. The world won't ever be the exact same. It acts as a model for the remaining portion of the world. Some of the first Chinese immigrants were wealthy small business people. First and foremost, we cannot neglect the infamous travel ban that currently bars nationals arriving from lots of Muslim-majority nations in addition to North Korea and Venezuela. Russia isn't alone here. The Shah's reign is occasionally broken into periods. Religious tolerance is particularly important here in america since we've got such a number of people and cultures from all around the world. How to Get Started with a List of Social Issues in America? Needless to say, not all on-line activity is guarded. As a consequence, low-income individuals in cities have a tendency to reside in neighborhoods in which public transportation is underinvested and unreliable. Further, across the nation, the amount of extremely low-income renters exceeds the range of affordable units out there. It's also starting to become old. The War Against a List of Social Issues in America Despite all of the debate, 1 principle that I feel that has survived the test of the time is putting the load of telling the entire truth on the seller. Such possibilities may have truth based on who we are speaking about here. There are a lot of strategies to approach the circumstance and start a conversation to alleviate that stress. Also talk about the polite approach to request things and why one way may be more powerful than another. This work is critical, and the following administration would be smart to continue it. When you take a look at the previous 40 years it gets quite obvious. Knowing what specific issues your child has is the initial step toward receiving the best possible assistance. Pay a visit to our community to discover other parents that are addressing the exact challenges you are.

Recruitment and selection planning at pepsico Essay Example For Students

Recruitment and selection planning at pepsico Essay PepsiCo industries, markets, and sells assorted types of bites, carbonated and non-carbonated drinks, and besides nutrients worldwide. The universe s trade name, Pepsi have changed the life criterions of the people lives. Even at school, college, university, place, or what of all time at field day, most of the people prefer to imbibe these drinks. Pepsi achieved its biggest gross revenues in soft drinks and basking its big net incomes in bite nutrients. Now-a-days PepsiCo is a strong positioned and popular trade name all over the universe. It covers the market through its systematic and proper direction. Involving with many societal working, it gain topographic point in consumer head. Through proper market coverage scheme it has speeded Its PepsiCo Americas Foods unit offers salty and sweet bites consisting Lay s murphy french friess, Doritos tortilla. The company operates through good experienced, loyal and hardworking employees transcending 700. The most of import and basic program is it to develop employees harmonizing to the alteration in engineering and computing machine oriented environment, and fulfilling their demands of employees. By upgrading the works construction and installing of the new engineering are other programs of PepsiCo. By making this company is be aftering to increase its gross revenues volume and development in its substructure in the coming old ages. The organisation focuses that they have the right and existent figure of people and sorts of people at the exactA topographic point so this undertaking is done by ongoing enlisting and choice procedures, public presentation rating methods, giving publicities to them and for most regular Training and development plans. The Pepsi bottling group hires about 9500 employees every twelvemonth for its operations and fabricating these, merchandising and distributed its drinks. The immense figure of these hires, near to 4000, is made to pitch up for what Pepsi bottling group refers to as the one 100 yearss of summer by far the busiest clip of the twelvemonth of the company ( Ed Rodriguez 2007 ) Outline1 Recruitment:2 Internal beginnings of enlisting:3 External beginnings of enlisting:4 Choice:5 Training and development planning:6 Employee motive and staff assessment:7 Employee s motive:8 Recognition:9 Incentives and wagess:10 Staff assessment:11 Management manner:12 Diagram: Different signifiers of direction manners13 Decision:14 Suggestions and recommendations: Recruitment: The organisation conducts its enlisting and choice planning by following two beginnings: Internal beginnings of enlisting. External beginnings of enlisting. Internal beginnings of enlisting: PepsiCo prefersA Job Posting A in which employees from organisation are preferred but in a instance the organisation feels that the employees are non every bit much competent plenty so they go for other external methods. So such proclamations are made through different bulletin boards, memos and other so these internal beginnings. Organizations that collect informations by beginnings of hire regularly find that employee referral plans produce a high volume of high-performing hires with more longer keeping rates, and in most, at comparatively low cost ( Dr. John Sullivan 2010 ) There should be proper planning by judging current human resource stands A ; bring forthing human resources stock list. Any referral plans should be bespoke to the concern that is Pepsi. It s best to originate any referral procedure if merely when the vacancy really arises. Furthermore pecuniary wagess should non be the primary driver for referrals. InA theA PepsiCoA generallyA theA positionsA willA occurA atA timeA ofA resignationA ofA the employee, retirement, expire of the employee, A transportation or publicity of the employee. New blessing place is the one-year operation program. Introducing new places into the organisation publicities and transportations is the Internal Job Posting used for merely the bing employee in the organisation and non for the new approvalA place. After measuring current capablenesss of future demands publicities and transportations should be developed to hold right individual for the right occupation A ; at right clip. Promotions and transportations must be after measuring future human resources demands by organisation s schemes A ; future plans. External beginnings of enlisting: PepsiCo normally used to advertisement by newspapers and its official web site for their enlisting intents. They give a opportunity to an unfastened invitation to everyone to use for station, so people who are interested articulation and if they are capable to that station they are hired. They have non preferred any specific universities or colleges to acquire the appliers for them, what affairs are the possible endowment and quality of the individual and his committedness to work. Last twelvemonth a strategy is started in which a squad of HR professionals visit different colleges and universities to enroll fresh and passionate campaigners. External beginnings are far outnumbering the internal methods. Particularly beginnings external to an organisation are professional and trade association, advertizements, and college/universities/institute arrangement services, walk INS and write INS, displaced individuals, acquisition and amalgamations. The most common and least expensive attack for campaigners is direct applications from external beginnings, in which appliers submit application letters or sketch. Direct application besides provides a pool of possible employees to run into future demands. Choice: First of allA initial showing of all applications and sketchs against the plan s demands make. After that Candidates screened are asked to finish the on-line personality questionnaire specifically designed in order to choose campaigners for the following phase. Candidates complete online trials and a comprehensive personality questionnaire. Candidates asked to finish a similar follow-up trial for them. The follow-up trial will be in short signifier and will be completed under the supervising of a PepsiCo HR Manager in order to verify public presentation between the two trial consequences. The concluding phase is engagement in an appraisal Centre for appraisal, comprising of a instance survey exercising, group treatment and a of import structured interview ( speed up your calling, 2011 ) After obtaining information through the preceding stairss, choice determination the most critical of all the stairss must be made. The other phases in the choice procedure have been used to contract the figure of campaigners. The concluding determination has to be made from the pool of persons who pass the trials, interviews and mention cheques. The positions of the line director will be by and large considered in the concluding choice because it is he who is responsible for the public presentation of the employee. The HR director plays a critical function in the concluding choice. Training and development planning: Pepsi believes in preparation and development and for that PepsiCo plans. Pepsi Conduct preparation for associates from the frontline to senior direction, to guarantee that associates has the accomplishments required to derive public presentation ends. Promote associates to take healthier lives by offering workplace health plans in globally. ( PepsiCo, 2009 ) . As PepsiCo continues its journey of sustainable growing, we continue to engage, retain and develop leading and a extremely skilled work force. After all, our associates are greatest strength. That s why we re committed to supplying squads with chances and experiences that strengthen their accomplishments and capablenesss ( PepsiCo, 2011 ) . What is art? Analysis EssayStaff assessment: Performance assessment is by and large accepted as really of import component of human resource direction, a means non merely of measuring public presentation but besides, ideally, of accomplishing public presentation betterment ( David N Ammons, 1986 ) In PepsiCo staff assessment system consists of following stairss that consists foremost of all made public presentation criterions aims and marks that must be meet after that that targets pass on to employees and agreed them. After that by periodic reappraisal that performances observed and measured and at the terminal provender back is delivered and appropriate actions are taken for the PepsiCo. Staff public presentation assessment is a really good technique to rate employees because Performance assessment rates the staff members in conformity to their public presentation. Performance appraisalA is a really good technique that considers the past public presentation of the employees and accents on the betterment of the future public presentation of the employees in order to increase productiveness. The public presentation assessment system should carry through following intents: Staff assessment squad must assist each employee in order to understand more and more about his function in organisation and go clear about his function and maps. Appraisal system should be instruments in assisting each employee to understand. Appraisal system should increase on traveling and two sided mutualness between each employee and his oversing officer. Management manner: Diagram: Different signifiers of direction manners In PepsiCo used democratic direction manner and give employees empowerment. Leader allows subordinates to take active function in determination devising and besides gives them a considerable grade of authorization in finishing everyday work activities. Uniting these classs with democratic ( subsidiaries are allowed to take part in determination devising ) and directing when subsidiaries are told precisely how to make their occupations ( Carter McNamara ) . It tends to be adopted by PepsiCo directors working in industries. Democratic directors are hence normally found in clusters within similar companies. Democratic direction is carry throughing employee audience and feedback. A democratic director will non win if major alterations were made without taking feedback. Democratic direction manners do non state that employees get whatever they want, but they focuses that directors know precisely what their employees demands before doing of import determinations about them ( Robert Tannen baum and Warren Schmidt ) In democratic direction manner in PepsiCo workers are ever encouraged to do their ain determinations at their ain will and believing positively because PepsiCo runs on doing determinations and besides employees. Authority is delegated to employees that are so much motivated for employees. Democratic manner is used because PepsiCo wants work oriented determinations from workers. Effective leading is a of import end for many concern associates. One challenge that most leaders face is an over-reliance on one or two nucleus leading techniques that emerge from their personality. However, it is more critical that leaders identify and larn how to broaden their leading manner portfolio so that they have the capacity to present added value and guarantee strategic success in any complex state of affairs ( Corinne Bendersky ) . Democratic manner is the direction manner that PepsiCo adopts. ThisA type of direction manner involves authorising to employees. In this managementA manner persons and squads are given duties and decisionsA to do, normally within a given model. If anything incorrect happensA so the persons and squads are so held responsible for theA determinations that are chosen. With this type of direction manner itA allows the director to experience comfy with other people in theA organisation doing some of the determinations. Democratic directors willA frequently want feed back from their employees on determinations being made.A Democratic leaders listen and act on the sentiments of the group. ThisA type of direction is good as it makes the employees happy andA productiveness is high. This is a really good method because employeesA ideas and suggestions are listened to by the concern. This makesA the employees seem as if they are respected and that their thoughtsA are valid ( the coca Cola company, 2011 ) . Following are the some suggestions because its disadvantages are the clip it takes to do a determination. Furthermore, mistakes can happen if staff is non every bit competent as they need to be or may be non every bit much competent as the direction believes that they should be. Management will be able to pull off employees fruitfully and increase non merely turn over but besides staff moral moreover every bit good as lessening staff turnover and must supply to employees. So some suggestions are: There should be positive work environment without struggles. Employees must be free to take practical enterprises. Employees must be able to do originative thought. Management should avoid employee s turnovers. As democratic manner is utile in a instance when originative thought employees arepresent so direction should concentrate on preparation and calling growing of employees in order to make disciplinary determinations and actions. Mistakes can be made of employees are non good trained so there should be proper preparation channel and concentrate on employees disciplinary determination devising. Decision: HR planning is to find what HRM demands that are be for bing A ; approaching supplies A ; demands of workers. In human resource planning organisation ensures that they have the right figure and sorts of people at the exact topographic point ; so this undertaking is held by ongoing enlisting and choice, public presentation assessment, employees Promotions, ongoing Training and development plans. PepsiCo isA a name of trade name and criterion and good quality product.A PepsiCoA is concentrating more and more on its planning schemes to do its repute better in the universe surroundings community. Management of theA PepsiCoA does non compromise on quality of its merchandises and the values. Making that the company is traveling higher by speed uping its maps in a good manner. Suggestions and recommendations: Human resource planning is of import issues so attention must be taken particularly in referral instance because referral system merely is taken when existent demand occur in instance of vacancy. After accessing the current capablenesss make publicity and new hiring so that there be right individual on the right occupation. Promotions occur if there is future demand of it. As we know that direct application is a really just regulation so it should be encouraged in order to do just determinations. HR director should be responsible because choice of campaigners depends of him so preparation should be provided to him. In HR be aftering developing demands should be analyzed so that developing provided to employees. The function of Instructor is really of import so evaluate internal and external teacher public presentation and the efficiency of preparation plans so that provide recommendations for betterment.

Skin Art A History of Tattoos Essay Example

Skin Art: A History of Tattoos Paper Tattoos are a permanent mark or design made on the skin by a process of ingraining and pricking an indelible pigment into the punctures or by raising scars. This body art comes in many shapes, sizes, colors, designs, and styles. Whether flaunted or hidden, sought as art or bought out of a whim, the tattoo has left its mark on generation after generation (Krakow). The purpose of tattooing varies from culture to culture, person to person, and its place on the time line. The essay will examine the following eras: BC and tribal, 20th century, and modern. It is noted that tattooing (a Tahitian word meaning â€Å"to mark something†) has existed since 12,000 years BC. As noted in â€Å"A Brief History of Tattoos,† women in Borneo tattooed their symbols on their forearm indicating their particular skill. If a woman wore a symbol indicating she was a skilled weaver, her status as prime marriageable material was increased. In tribes, tattoos around the wrist and fingers were believed to ward away illness and bad spirits. In recorded history, the earliest tattoos can be found in Egypt during the time of the erection of the great pyramids. As the Egyptians expanded their empire, the art of tattooing spread along with it. The civilizations of Crete, Greece, Persia, and Arabia Fetzer 2 picked up and expanded the art form (â€Å"A Brief History of Tattoos). The Greeks used tattooing for communication among spies by identifying them and showing their rank. Romans marked criminals and slaves, a practice still carried on today. Around 2000 BC tattooing spread to China. Historic Asian culture believed that the wearer of an image calls the spirit of that image. For example, the ferocity of a tiger would belong to the tattooed person. We will write a custom essay sample on Skin Art: A History of Tattoos specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Skin Art: A History of Tattoos specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Skin Art: A History of Tattoos specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Ainu are noted for introducing tattoos to Japan where it developed into a religious and ceremonial rite. Dayak warriors who had taken a head had tattoos on their hands (â€Å"A Brief History of Tattoos†). The tattoos garnered respect and solidified the owner’s status for life. Polynesians developed tattoos to mark tribal communities, families, and rank. They brought their art to New Zealand and developed a facial style of tattooing called Moko which is still being used today (â€Å"A Brief History of Tattoos†). There is evidence that the Mayan, Incas, and Aztecs used tattooing in rituals as well as the isolated tribes of Alaska. In the West, early Danes, Norse, and Saxons tattooed family crests (a tradition still practiced today). In 787 AD, Pope Hadrian banned tattooing, yet it still thrived in Britain until the Norman Invasion of 1066 when the Normans disdained tattooing. As a result tattooing disappeared from Western culture from the 12th to the 16th centuries. While tattooing diminished in the West, it thrived in Japan. Originally, it was used as a means of identifying criminals. First offenses were marked with a line across the forehead, a second crime was marked by adding an arch, and a third offense was marked by another line. Together these marks formed the Japanese character for dog. Anthropologists argue that this was the original three strikes you’re out law. In time, Fetzer 3 the Japanese escalated the tattoo to an aesthetic art form. The â€Å"body suit† originated around 1700 as a social reaction against strict laws concerning conspicuous consumption. Only royalty were allowed to wear ornate attire. As a result of this, the middle class adorned themselves with elaborate full body tattoos. A fully tattooed person wearing nothing more than a loin cloth was considered â€Å"well dressed. In 1691, William Dampher re-introduced tattooing to the West when he brought to London a heavily tattooed Polynesian known as the Painted Prince. He was put on a money-making exhibition and became the rage of London. It had been 600 years since tattoos had been seen in Europe. Soon, the upper-class were getting small tattoos in discreet places. For a short time, tattooing became a sensational fad. In alm ost every early culture, tattooing symbolized status. In the BC and tribal eras of history, tattoos played an important role in ritual and tradition. Just like the times, tattooing in the 20 th century took an enormous turn. Evolutionary scientist, Charles Darwin, wrote many papers, one which included an analysis of tattoos. For tattooing to be mentioned in such distinguished company made many people re-look at the art, finding that they were standing at the dawn of a new era in indelible history. Initially, the tattoo craze began to diminish. What kept tattooing from becoming more widespread was its slow and painstaking procedure. Each puncture of the flesh was done by the hand the ink was applied. Paul Sace arguably states that the most significant factor to the re-emergence of the ancient art of tattooing would have to be the electric tattoo machine. In 1891, Samuel OReilly patented the first electric tattooing machine which was based on Edisons electric pen that punctured paper with a Fetzer 4 needle point. The basic design with moving coils, a tube and a needle bar, are the components of todays tattoo gun. The electric tattoo gun allowed anyone to obtain a reasonably priced and readily available tattoo. As the average person could easily get a tattoo, the upper classes turned away from it. By the turn of the century, tattooing had lost a great deal of credibility. Tattoo artists worked in the sleazier sections of the city. Heavily tattooed people traveled with circuses and were labeled as â€Å"freaks. † The societal view of tattoos was so poor for most of the century that tattooing went underground. There were no schools to study the craft, there were no magazines, and there were no associations or advertising. In order to find out where to go and who to see for quality tattoos, one had to be familiar with the scuttlebutt. The birthplace of the American style tattoo was Chatham Square in New York City, a seaport and entertainment center attracting working-class people with money. While tattooing was declining elsewhere in the country, here it flourished. Husbands tattooed their significant others with examples of their best work. They played the role of walking advertisements. At this time, cosmetic tattooing became popular (i. e. blush for cheeks, colored lips, and eyeliner). With World War I, the flash art images changed to those of bravery and wartime icons. In the 1920s, with Prohibition and then the Depression, Chatham Square lost its appeal. The center for tattoo art moved to Coney Island. Tattooing experienced a revival during the Roaring 20s and the Suffragist movement; it became en vogue among the upper classes to have a tattoo. Not all women enjoyed such freedom, and society did not necessarily endorse this trend. For example, Fetzer 5 in the late 1920s, the conviction of a rapist was overturned because a small butterfly tattoo was found on the victim (Hawkes, Senn, Thorn). Both the judge and jury agreed that the tattoo had sexual implications and as a result, it was held that the woman was in part responsible for misleading the man who raped her. Across the country, tattooists opened shops in areas that would support them, namely cities with military bases close by, particularly naval bases. In the 2 nd World War era, tattoos were known as travel markers, almost like the stamps one sees in a passport booklet. â€Å"A Brief History of Tattoos† notes that after World War II, tattoos became further denigrated by their associations with Marlon Brando-type bikers and Juvenile delinquents. Tattooing had little respect in American culture because those who were tattooed were seen as social outcasts and troublemakers. Tattooing was sent reeling on its heels when in 1961 there was an outbreak of hepatitis. Though most tattoo shops had sterilization machines, few used them. Newspapers reported stories of blood poisoning, hepatitis, and other diseases. The general population held tattoo parlors in disrepute. A health code violation went into effect and the tattoo shops at Times Square and Coney Island were shut down making it incredibly difficult to get a tattoo in New York. It was illegal and tattoos had a terrible reputation. Because of fear and the negative social view associated with them, few people wanted a tattoo. In the late 1960s, the attitude towards tattooing changed. During the Sexual Revolution, tattooing enjoyed a resurrection among radical women who were rethinking their gender role (including rock stars such as Janis Joplin) as noted by Hawkes, Senn, Thorn. Amy Krakow states that thanks to Lyle Tuttle, the tattoo Fetzer 6 became an amiable art form among the 1970s counterculture. Tattoos see-sawed in their acceptance in the 20 th century but nevertheless were popular icons. Today, tattooing is making a zealous comeback. It is more popular and accepted than it has ever been. Current tattoo artist, Tomas Garcia, says that â€Å"all classes of people are coming in to get tattoos, from Senators to new mothers to doctors to grandparents to kids who just turned 18. † This rise in popularity has placed tattooists in the category of fine artist garnering a respect not seen for over 100 years. Current artists combine the tradition of tattooing with their personal style creating unique and phenomenal body art. Through the lens of figurational sociology, today tattooing is interpreted as a pro-social and affectively regulated act of communication, rather than a pathological instance of self-injury (Atkinson). The 21 st century is experiencing what some call a second Tattoo Renaissance. † As part of this revolution in the popular cultural significance of tattooed flesh, tattooing is escalating to unprecedented levels of popularity among a vast array of social groups. Once a long-standing symbol of the underclass, this body project is now a floating signifier of a full panorama of social statuses, roles, and identities. More so than in any previous era, Michael Atkinson notes that tattoos are pregnant with cultural significance. Women especially have played an enormous role in the culture of tattoos. It can be argued that women today become tattooed for two reasons: the refusal to obey appearance norms and for the gender nonconformity that it displays. Throughout history tattoos have signified membership in a clan or secret society. Even today groups like the Hells Angels tattoo their particular group symbol. Contemporary music scenes exemplify the tattoo phenomenon. â€Å"Straight-edge† youth use their bodies as a canvas for their Fetzer 7 moralistic beliefs. According to Demello, the tattoos reflect the power of their symbolic associations as they preach against premarital sex, drugs, smoking, and alcohol. Tattoos have blossomed into a form of self expression and individuality. Tattoos have appeared throughout history as a ritual art, pagan decoration, art to mark a rite of passage, art to inform, forbidden art, blue-collar art, popular art, and erotic art (Krakow 2). Two reactions seem to be possible in persons who see a tattoo on someone. One is complete fascination, a feeling that here is the ultimate stud, the great macho, the sexual satyr, the Marlboro man, the far-traveling sailor, the incomparable sadistic master, the criminal just released from prison. The other is a complete revulsion: the tattoo represents the epitome of sleaze, of low-class background, of cheap vulgarity and bad taste, everything that intelligence and sophistication have conditioned society to despise (Steward 10). From body painting to scarification, piercing to the less permanent wearing of jewelry, hair styles to make-up, to the emergence of cosmetic surgery, people have always striven to change their appearance. For millions of people throughout time, tattooing has been one of the most popular forms of permanent body art. Tattooing as an art form has over the years been claimed by many countries, tribes, and ethnic groups. In many cases it is the same scenario of what came first the chicken or the egg. It will probably never be known exactly who were the first people to mark their skins, but what is definite is that tattooing has tattooed itself in history as a significant identifier. ?